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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/035
1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alejelat, Zawia University, Alejelat, Libya.
2* Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabratha University, Sabratha, Libya.
*Corresponding Author: Azab Elsayed Azab, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabratha University, Sabratha, Libya.
Citation: Munira A. Algridi and Azab E. Azab (2021) Ameliorating Effects of Fenugreek Seeds Powder against Hematotoxicity Induced by Aluminum Chloride in Male Rabbits. J. Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 2(4); DOI: 10.31579/2766-2314/035
Copyright: © 2021, Azab Elsayed Azab, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 17 March 2021 | Accepted: 22 March 2021 | Published: 30 March 2021
Keywords: hematotoxicity, aluminum chloride, ameliorating effects, fenugreek seeds powder, male rabbits
Background: Humans are exposed to aluminum from the mouth, nose and epidermal route inducing toxic effects. Accumulation of aluminum has been associated with a variety of pathologies such as anemia, osteodystrophy, joint diseases, muscular weakness, and Alzheimer’s diseases Fenugreek extracts have been shown to be neutralizing of free radicals and enhancing antioxidant status.
Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds against hematotoxicity induced by Aluminum chloride in male rabbits.
Materials and Methods: This study included twenty-four adult male rabbits, which were divided into 4 groups, 6 rabbits for each. Group I (control group): Animals were provided with tap water and fed with a normal diet for 30 days. Group II (Fenugreek seeds powder group): Fenugreek seeds powder was given to rabbits in food at a dose of 10 g per kilogram of diet weight/kg of body weight/day for 30 Days. Group III (Aluminum chloride (ALCl3) group): Rabbits were treated orally with 150 mg/kg BW of AlCl3/day for 30 consecutive days. Group IV (Aluminum chloride/fenugreek co-administered group): Fenugreek seeds flour was added at a rate of 10 g per kilogram of diet weight, and rabbits were treated orally with 150 mg/kg BW of AlCl3/day for 30 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment and 24 hours after the last dose, all animals were anesthetized with ether and blood samples were collected by heart puncture.
Results: The results of the study showed that the treatment of male rabbits with aluminum chloride resulted in a significant decrease (P<0.01) in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCV, MCH, and MCHC as compared to the control group. While there was a significant increase (P<0.01) in WBCs count, lymphocytes, and monocytes percentages and a significant decrease in granulocyte percentage when compared with the control group. Co-administration of fenugreek seeds powder and AlCl3 significantly improved all haematological parameters.
Conclusion: The results showed that the administration of rabbits with aluminum chloride caused a hematotoxicity, and co-administration of fenugreek seeds powder with AlCl3 alleviate the hematotoxicity induced by AlCl3. The use of fenugreek seeds powder by humans can be considered beneficial in the alleviation of hematotoxicity. It is recommended that humans exposed to AlCl3 should be advised to take fenugreek seeds powder as a rich source of antioxidants to prevent hematotoxicity induced by AlCl3. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism of the anti-hematotoxic effect of Fenugreek seeds powder and the potential usefulness of fenugreek seeds powder as a protective agent against AlCl3 induced hematotoxicity in clinical trials.
Aluminum is a constituent of cooking utensils, medicines such as antacids, cosmetics such as deodorants, and food additives. Also, it can be found in food especially corn, yellow cheese, salt, herbs, spices, and tea. In addition, aluminum salts are widely used as flocculants in the treatment of drinking water for purification purposes [1-4]. Humans are exposed to aluminum from the mouth, nose and epidermal route inducing toxic effects to a variety of organ systems including the brain, kidney, liver, lungs as well as bone and blood [5, 6]. Aluminum accumulation in humans can occur via the diet, drinking water, vaccines, antacids, parenteral fluids, and inhaled fumes [7, 8]. Accumulation of aluminum has been associated with a variety of pathologies such as anemia, osteodystrophy, joint diseases, muscular weakness, and Alzheimer’s diseases [8, 9].
Aromatic and flavourful fenugreek seed is a popular spice and is widely used for well-recognized culinary and medicinal purposes. Fenugreek seed is used in physiological utilization for the treatment of antibacterial, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic antioxidant, and antidiabetic agent [10]. Recent researches identified antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, and other miscellaneous medicinal effects of fenugreek [11, 12]. Fenugreek extracts have been shown to be neutralizing of free radicals and enhancing of antioxidant status [12, 13]. Fenugreek oil has many ingredients that have antioxidant activities [14, 15].
The evidence reporting the amelioration by fenugreek in aluminum chloride-induced haematotoxicity in male rabbits are hardly found. So, the present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds powder against hematotoxicity induced by aluminum chloridein male rabbits.
3.1. Animals
24 adult male rabbits, aged between 35-37 weeks and weighing 1.5-1.8 kg, were used in the current study. The rabbits were housed in a room under standard conditions of ventilation, temperature (25 ° C ± 2), and humidity (60 - 70) %, rabbits were separated in a plastic cage, the animals were provided with free drinking water and standard commercial food.
3.2. Chemicals
Aluminum chloride was purchased from Sigma Chemicals Company, and rabbits were treated orally with 150 mg/kg BW of AlCl3/day for 30 consecutive days [6].
3.3. Fenugreek seeds
Fenugreek seeds were purchased from the Zawia market, and the fenugreek seeds were ground and added at a rate of 10 gm of fenugreek seeds powder per kilogram of diet weight that was provided to rabbits for 30 days.
3.4. Experimental Design
After one week of acclimation, the animals were randomized and divided into four groups (6 rabbits for each) as follows: Group I (control group): Animals were provided with tap water and fed with a normal diet for 30 days. Group II (Fenugreek seeds powder group): Fenugreek seeds powder was given to rabbits in food at a dose of 10 g per kilogram of diet weight/kg of body weight/day for 30 Days. Group III (Aluminum chloride group): Rabbits treated orally with 150 mg/kg BW of AlCl3/day for 30 consecutive days. Group IV (Aluminum chloride/fenugreek co-administered group): Fenugreek seed flour was added at a rate of 10 g per kilogram of diet weight, and rabbits were treated orally with 150 mg/kg BW of AlCl3/day for 30 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment and 24 hours after the last dose, all animals were anesthetized with ether and blood samples were collected by heart puncture.
3.5. Blood Sampling
The blood samples were collected in a clean dry tube containing the anticoagulant substance EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) and used for the hematological studies.
3.6. Haematological Parameters
Red, white blood cells, and blood platelet counts were done by using the hemocytometer and hemoglobin content (Hb) was determined according to the method of Wong [16].
Hematocrite value (Hct) was estimated by using the heparinized capillary tubes. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were calculated according to Schalm [17] as the following equations: MCV = Hct / RBC’s × 10, MCH = Hb / RBC’s × 10 & MCHC = Hb / Hct) × 100.
The blood film was made after the collection of blood samples. By manual method, three blood films were made for each blood sample, stain the blood film by Giemsa stain and differential leukocyte count were done [18].
3.7. Statistical Analysis
The values were presented as means ± SD of different groups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out. For the comparison of significance between groups, Duncan’s test was used as a post hoc test according to the statistical package program (SPSS version 26.0). The results were considered statistically significant when P <0>.
The results of the study showed that the treatment of male rabbits with aluminum chloride resulted in a significant decrease (P<0>) in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCV, MCH, and MCHC as compared to the control group. While there was a significant increase (P<0>) in WBCs count, lymphocytes, and monocytes percentages and a significant decrease in granulocyte percentage when compared with the control group.
The Hematological parameters in the different groups are shown in Table 1. Male rabbits that received aluminum chloride orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW of AlCl3/day for 30 consecutive days had significantly (p<0>
On the other hand, WBCs count, lymphocytes, and monocytes percentages, and platelet count were a significant increase and granulocyte percentage was a significant decrease when compared with the control group (Table. 2 & Figures. 7-11). Co-administration of fenugreek seeds powder and AlCl3 significantly improved all haematological parameters (Tabl. 1& 2, Figures. 1-11).
Aluminum generates reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins, and DNA [1, 6]. The effects of aluminum chloride on hematological parameters have been studied well in experimental models [3, 4, 6, 8 and 19].
The present study showed that treatment of male rabbits with aluminum chloride were decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, haematocrite, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular volume values as compared to the control rabbits. These results run parallel to those reported by many previous studies in experimental animals [3, 4, 6, 8 and19]. The current result agrees with Al-Hashem, [20] who recorded normocytic normochromic anemia in rats treated orally with AlCl3 (0.5 mg/kg BW for 30 days). Similar observations in erythrogram values were reported by El-Sharkawyet al., [8] who recorded that adult New Zealand white rabbits exposed to aluminum chloride via drinking water in a dose of 20 mg/l for 3 months showed a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit value compared with the control group. The results indicated that long-term oral exposure to low doses of AlCl3 promotes alterations in hematological indices. Bouaslaet al., [3] reported that rats consuming diets with 34 mg/kg AlCl3 added showed a significant decrease in RBCs, haemoglobin content, and MCHC when compared with the controls. Osama et al., [6] reported that orally treatment of rats with 150 mg/kg body weight AlCl3 daily for 4 weeks caused a significant (p< 0>) decrease in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value, While MCV and MCHC levels were insignificantly changed in rats with AlCl3 compared to the controls. The erythrogram in this study revealed that AlCl3 treatment resulted in normocytic normochromic anemia. Also, Kadhum, [4] reported that subcutaneous injection of male rats with 240, 320, and 400 ppm from aluminum chloride for 45 days caused a significant decrease (P<0>) in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCV, and MCH as compared to the control group. Changes increased with an increase in the concentration of aluminum chloride injected.
These alterations induced by AlCl3 may be attributed to a shortened life span of circulating erythrocytes and reduced RBCs production in bone marrow as a result of the oxidative stress as well as increase RBCs membrane fragility [6, 20]. The reduced level of hemoglobin concentration can be associated with RBCs hemolysis which is confirmed by reduced RBCs count [6]. The induced anemia may be related to inhibition of heme synthesis, either by inhibition of enzyme activity or interference with iron incorporation or utilization [6, 21, 22], and an increase in heme oxygenase activity [6, 23, 24]. In the biological system, aluminum ions replace iron ions, reduce Fe+2 binding to ferritin and disturb hem synthesis [4, 25], The other cause of its inhibition of heme oxygenase, this enzyme necessary for hemoglobin formation series, stopped by the toxicity of aluminum and increase the destruction of RBCs and transformed to bilirubin [4, 26].
Once in the blood circulation, aluminum is mainly transported by plasma transferrin in its sites left vacant by iron, and to a much lesser extent by albumin [8, 27]. Aluminum has been found to induce microcytic anemia [28] or slightly hypochromic macrocytic anemia [8, 29]. The toxicity of aluminum increased free radicals in target organs such as the liver and inhibit glutathione enzyme in the liver. This important to maintain hemoglobin in red blood cell and increase removing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and increase the lifetime of red blood cell [4, 30], reduction of some enzyme such as glutathione reductase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase lead to accumulation of toxins inside red cells [4, 26].
In fact, according to the earlier reports [3, 31-33] this anaemia could be explained by the inhibition of erythropoiesis and/or haemoglobin synthesis reduction, the same reports indicate that AlCl3 could be interfering with Fe incorporation to the heme group witch induce Fe deficiency and reduce heme synthesis. Also, the observed microcytic anaemia might be due to an increase in the rate of erythrocytes destruction in haematopoietic organs. So, AlCl3 might be crossing the erythrocyte membrane which is a result of its ability to initiate a lipid peroxidation [2, 3, 34, 35].
The decreases in Hct, Hb, MCV, and MCH may be due to protoporphyrin and it's necessary for hemoglobin formation, the presence of aminolivolinic acid in urine refers to the failure synthesis of hem caused by toxicity of aluminum [36]. The other cause of this result caused by effects of aluminum chloride on bone marrow, especially mothers cells of red blood cells. This lead to a decrease in RBCs count and hemoglobin and reflect on the hematocrit value [37] and caused anemia, a decrease in Hb, Hct, MCV, and MCH values has often been proven to be a serious indicator of aluminum toxicity. Aluminum induced anemia is mainly related to changes in iron metabolism [8, 19, 34, 38]. Also, aluminum exposure significantly inhibited blood activity of enzyme δ- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) while increased zinc protoporphyrin confirming changed heme biosynthesis, which may be responsible for heme biosynthesis inhibition [8, 31, 39].
The current study showed that exposure of male rabbits to ALCl3 caused a significant increase in WBCs count, differential count of leukocytes, and platelets count when compared with the control group.These results run parallel to those reported by many previous studies [3, 6, 40-42]. Aluminum chloride treatments induce a highly significant (P<0>) increase in white blood cell and differential leucocytes count especially lymphocyte and monocyte because aluminum chloride induces infections in target organs such as the liver, brain, kidney, spleen, and smooth muscle [40]. This result is reflected in the histopathological study of the spleen, we noted increases in white pulp and occurs bleeding and degeneration in spleen tissue. The cause of this destruction because the action of free radicals and increase in lipid peroxidation this process initiate tumor in target organ [4, 43]. Also, Joshi et al. [42] reported that oral administration of AlCl3 to male rats for 90 caused a significant increase in leukocytes count. Bouaslaet al., [3] recorded that rats consuming diets with 34 mg/kg AlCl3 added showed a significant increase in WBCs count when compared with the controls. Also, Osama et al., [6] record that the total leukocytes and neutrophil counts were increased in rats treated orally by 150 mg/kg body weight AlCl3 daily for 4 weeks, which may indicate activation of the immune system [1, 6]. This increase might be indicative of the activation of defense and immune system showed that there were oedema and inflammation in the tissues [3, 35]. Kadhum, [4] reported that subcutaneous injection of male rats with 240, 320, and 400 ppm from aluminum chloride for 45 days caused a significant increase (P<0>) in WBCs count and differential leuKocytes count especially in lymphocyte. Changes increased with an increase in the concentration of aluminum chloride injected. The significant increase in white blood cell levels of aluminium-treated rats might indicate activation of the immune system, a normal cell-mediated immune response [1, 41]. The increase in lymphocytes could be due to the toxic action of the aluminium ion that stimulates the hemopoietic system to release more of these cells, causing an increase in their number in the blood stream [41].
On the other hand, El-Sharkawyet al., [8] recorded that a significant (P<0>
Fenugreek has many active compounds, including flavonoids, steroid saponins, trigonelline, diosgenin, and 4-hydroxyisoleucine and polysaccharides, mainly galactomannans [15, 44 and 45]. These active compounds, enable fenugreek to have multiple pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, CNS stimulant, and immunomodulatory effects [15, 46 and 47].
The results of the current study showed that the co-administration of fenugreek seeds powder to male rabbits with aluminum chloride resulted in a significant improvement in hematological parameters. These findings were identical with those of Farman et al., [48] who reported that there was a significant increase in the levels of Hb, RBCs, and PCV after 7 days of fenugreek extract treatment. Also, Effraim et al., [49] recorded significant differences (P < 0>) in hemoglobin concentration and red blood cells count. The findings of the current study were matched with Bravo, [50] whose result indicated that in animals which received fenugreek, RBCs count remained elevated, due to the antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Moreover, the findings of the current study were identical with Ibrahium and Hegazy, [51], who concluded that the high iron content of fenugreek seed flour stimulated hemoglobin synthesis.
Also, data obtained by Elseed et al., [52] showed significant differences (p<0>Rosioru et al., [53] reported that treatment of rats with 10% ethanol in drinking water for 30 days caused a significant increase in RBCs count, Hct value, and Hb concentration, WBCs count, and lymphocytes percentage and a decrease in neutrophils percentage as compared to the control animals. Addition of 10
The results showed that administration of rabbits with aluminum chloride caused a hematotoxicity, and co-administration of fenugreek seeds powder with AlCl3 alleviate the hematotoxicity induced by AlCl3. The use of fenugreek seeds powder by humans can be considered beneficial in the alleviation of hematotoxicity. It is recommended that humans exposed to AlCl3 should be advised to take Fenugreek seeds powder as a rich source of antioxidant to prevent hematotoxicity induced by AlCl3. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of the anti-hematotoxic effect of Fenugreek seeds powder and potential usefulness of fenugreek seeds powder as a protective agent against AlCl3 induced hematotoxicity in clinical trials.
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Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
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My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
